Magneti

Updated at: 2025-12-01 10:41

engine

I magneti sono generatori di accensione autonomi utilizzati sui motori a pistoni degli aeromobili per produrre la scintilla ad alta tensione per le candele, indipendentemente dal sistema elettrico dell’aeromobile. Comprendere come funzionano i magneti, come utilizzarli e come riconoscere i malfunzionamenti è essenziale per una gestione sicura del motore e la preparazione alle emergenze.

Magneti 1. Definizione 2. Scopo 3. Uso nell'aviazione 3.1 Posizioni dell'interruttore di accensione 3.2 Nozioni di base sul funzionamento del magnete 3.3 Avviamento del motore 4. Considerazioni operative 4.1 Controllo del magnete durante il riscaldamento del motore 4.2 Indicazioni anomale del magneto 4.3 Pulizia delle candele sporche 4.4 Magneti e spegnimento del motore 4.5 Magneti caldi e sicurezza dell'elica 5. Esempi e rilevanza per l'addestramento 5.1 Scenari di esempio 5.2 Punti chiave per piloti studenti

1. Definizione

In aviazione, un magneto è un piccolo generatore elettrico azionato dal motore che produce corrente ad alta tensione per accendere le candele in un motore a pistoni. È azionato meccanicamente dall'albero motore o dal treno di ingranaggi accessori e non dipende dalla batteria o dall'alternatore dell'aeromobile una volta che il motore è in funzione.

Un motore tipico per aeromobili leggeri ha due magneti, ciascuno alimentante un set separato di candele. Questo è noto come sistema di accensione doppia e fornisce sia ridondanza (backup) che una combustione più efficiente.

2. Scopo

Lo scopo principale dei magneti in un motore aeronautico è fornire una fonte di accensione affidabile e indipendente per la miscela di carburante e aria nei cilindri. Poiché i magneti generano la propria elettricità durante la rotazione, consentono al motore di continuare a funzionare anche se il sistema elettrico principale dell’aeromobile si guasta.

Un sistema a doppia magnete ha due scopi principali:

Ridondanza: Se un magnete si guasta, l'altro può ancora fornire scintille per mantenere il motore in funzione, solitamente a potenza ridotta.
Prestazioni migliorate: Due scintille per cilindro (da due candele) si traducono in una combustione più completa ed efficiente, un funzionamento più fluido e una leggera migliore potenza ed efficienza del carburante.

Per i piloti studenti, comprendere questo scopo aiuta a spiegare perché i controlli di accensione sono enfatizzati durante il pre-volo, il riscaldamento del motore e la risoluzione dei problemi in volo.

3. Uso nell'aviazione

Sulla maggior parte degli aerei da addestramento, come il Cessna 152/172 o il Piper PA-28, il sistema di accensione è controllato da un interruttore di accensione azionato da chiave o da un selettore rotante con posizioni tipicamente etichettate: OFF, R, L, BOTH, START. Queste posizioni selezionano quale(i) magnete(i) sono attivi e, nella posizione START, azionano anche il motorino di avviamento.

Ogni magnete è collegato a una candela in ogni cilindro (ad esempio, il magnete sinistro può alimentare le candele superiori e il magnete destro quelle inferiori, o viceversa). Quando il selettore è su BOTH, entrambi i magneti fanno scattare le rispettive candele, garantendo l'accensione doppia in ogni cilindro.

3.1 Posizioni dell'interruttore di accensione

Le funzioni tipiche delle posizioni dell'interruttore di accensione sono:

OFF: Entrambi i magneti sono messi a massa (disabilitati). Non viene prodotta alcuna scintilla e il motore non dovrebbe funzionare.
R (Destra): Solo il magnete destro è attivo; il magnete sinistro è messo a massa.
L (Sinistra): Solo il magnete sinistro è attivo; il magnete destro è messo a massa.
BOTH: Entrambi i magneti sono attivi, fornendo l'accensione doppia normale.
START: Il motorino di avviamento è attivato per far girare il motore; di solito entrambi i magneti sono attivi, a volte con un aiuto aggiuntivo come un accoppiamento a impulsi o un sistema a pioggia di scintille.

Durante il volo normale, l'interruttore di accensione viene mantenuto su BOTH. Le altre posizioni sono principalmente utilizzate per l'avviamento, i controlli di funzionamento e la risoluzione dei problemi.

3.2 Nozioni di base sul funzionamento del magnete

Un magnete utilizza un magnete rotante e avvolgimenti di bobina per generare energia elettrica. Quando il magnete ruota, induce una corrente nell'avvolgimento primario. Quando questa corrente viene interrotta dai punti di rottura (o da un equivalente elettronico), un rapido cambiamento nel campo magnetico induce un'alta tensione nell'avvolgimento secondario. Questa alta tensione viene quindi indirizzata attraverso un distributore alla candela corretta al momento giusto.

The ignition 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3.3 Avviamento del motore

Quando si avvia un motore a pistoni per aeromobili, il motorino di avviamento fa girare l'albero motore, che a sua volta fa ruotare i magneti. A basse velocità di avviamento, molti magneti utilizzano un accoppiamento a impulso o un dispositivo simile per produrre una scintilla forte e ritardata (più tardiva) adatta all'avviamento. Questo aiuta a prevenire il contraccolpo e migliora la possibilità di accensione in un motore freddo.

Dal punto di vista del pilota, i compiti principali sono impostare l'interruttore di accensione su START monitorando le indicazioni del motore, quindi rilasciarlo di nuovo su BOTH una volta che il motore si avvia. Gli ausili di avviamento interni nel magnete funzionano automaticamente e non sono controllati direttamente dal pilota.

4. Considerazioni operative

I magneti sono semplici e robusti, ma richiedono una corretta gestione da parte del pilota e controlli regolari per garantire un funzionamento sicuro. I piloti in formazione devono essere in grado di eseguire controlli dei magneti, riconoscere indicazioni anomale e comprendere le azioni di emergenza di base relative a problemi di accensione.

4.1 Controllo del magnete durante il riscaldamento del motore

Un controllo del magnete viene normalmente effettuato durante la fase di riscaldamento prima del decollo. Lo scopo è verificare che ogni magnete possa azionare il motore in modo indipendente e che il sistema di accensione funzioni correttamente.

Una procedura tipica per il controllo del magnete durante il riscaldamento è:

Posizionare l'aeromobile in un'area sicura per il run-up con i freni ben applicati e l'area davanti libera.
Impostare il motore al regime di run-up specificato (ad esempio, 1.700 giri/min—seguire sempre il Manuale di Volo dell'Aeromobile o il Manuale Operativo del Pilota).
Annotare i giri su ENTRAMBI i magneti (valore di riferimento normale).
Portare l'interruttore di accensione su R (solo magnete destro) e osservare la diminuzione dei giri.
Confrontare la diminuzione dei giri con i limiti della checklist (ad esempio, diminuzione massima e differenza massima tra sinistro e destro).
Riportare l'interruttore su ENTRAMBI e verificare che i giri tornino vicino al valore originale.
Portare l'interruttore di accensione su L (solo magnete sinistro) e osservare la diminuzione dei giri.
Verificare che la diminuzione e la differenza siano entro i limiti.
Riportare l'interruttore su ENTRAMBI e confermare un funzionamento regolare.

Una piccola diminuzione di giri al minuto approssimativamente uguale su ogni magnete è normale. Una grande diminuzione, un funzionamento irregolare o nessuna diminuzione possono indicare problemi come candele sporche, cavi difettosi o un magnete non funzionante.

4.2 Indicazioni anomale del magneto

Le indicazioni anomale comuni durante un controllo del magnete includono:

Caduta eccessiva di giri: Può indicare scintilla debole, candele sporche o tempi di accensione errati su quel magnete.
Funzionamento irregolare su un magnete: Spesso dovuto a candele sporche o a un problema nei cavi di accensione di un magnete.
Nessuna caduta di giri quando si passa a un lato: Potrebbe indicare che il magnete presumibilmente messo a massa è ancora attivo, o che l'interruttore o il cablaggio sono difettosi.
Il motore si ferma selezionando un lato: Suggerisce che il magnete selezionato non fornisce affatto scintilla.

Se qualche lettura è fuori dai limiti indicati nella checklist, il pilota dovrebbe normalmente abortire il volo e consultare la manutenzione, a meno che non siano descritte specifiche azioni correttive (come la pulizia delle candele sporche) nelle procedure dell'aeromobile che riescano a ripristinare con successo il normale funzionamento.

4.3 Pulizia delle candele sporche

Le candele possono incrostarsi a causa di depositi di piombo, olio o carbonio, specialmente dopo un funzionamento prolungato a terra a bassa potenza con miscela ricca. Questo può causare un funzionamento irregolare o una caduta eccessiva del magnete.

Una procedura comune per tentare di eliminare un lieve intasamento (solo se consentito dalla checklist dell’aeromobile) è la seguente:

Assicurarsi che l'aeromobile sia sicuro con i freni applicati e l'area davanti libera.
Impostare la miscela su magro (come specificato nella checklist per la pulizia dei depositi).
Aumentare il regime del motore a un valore più alto (ad esempio, 2.000 giri/min) per un breve periodo.
Monitorare gli strumenti del motore e notare se le irregolarità diminuiscono.
Tornare al regime normale di riscaldamento e alla regolazione della miscela.
Ripetere il controllo del magnete per verificare che le cadute siano ora entro i limiti.

Se persistono irregolarità o cali anomali, l'aeromobile non deve essere fatto volare fino a quando non viene ispezionato dalla manutenzione.

4.4 Magneti e spegnimento del motore

Durante lo spegnimento normale, il motore viene solitamente fermato interrompendo il carburante (ad esempio, portando la miscela a cut-off al minimo) anziché spegnere prima i magneti. L'interruttore di accensione viene quindi spostato su OFF dopo che il motore si è fermato. Questa sequenza aiuta a prevenire il post-accensione e conferma che i magneti sono correttamente messi a terra.

Alcuni operatori eseguono anche un breve controllo di messa a terra del magnete prima dello spegnimento, ruotando momentaneamente l'interruttore di accensione su OFF al minimo e poi di nuovo su BOTH. Un leggero inciampo o arresto del motore indica che i magneti sono correttamente messi a terra. Questa procedura deve essere eseguita con attenzione e solo come descritto nelle procedure operative dell'aeromobile.

4.5 Magneti caldi e sicurezza dell'elica

Se l'interruttore di accensione o il suo cablaggio sono difettosi, un magnete può rimanere attivo anche quando l'interruttore è nella posizione OFF. Questo è talvolta chiamato magneto caldo. In questa condizione, girare l'elica a mano potrebbe causare l'accensione imprevista del motore, creando un pericolo serio.

Per questo motivo, i piloti e il personale di terra devono sempre trattare l'elica come se i magneti fossero attivi. L'elica non deve mai essere mossa a mano a meno che non si sia adeguatamente addestrati e solo seguendo procedure approvate, con l'interruttore di accensione confermato su OFF e le chiavi rimosse.

5. Esempi e rilevanza per l'addestramento

La conoscenza relativa al magneto appare frequentemente nella formazione dei piloti studenti, nelle prove di volo e negli esami scritti. Comprendere il concetto aiuta a spiegare vari elementi delle checklist e le procedure di emergenza.

5.1 Scenari di esempio

Esempio 1:<\/b> Durante il run-up, uno studente seleziona SINISTRA e osserva una caduta di 150 RPM, quindi seleziona DESTRA e osserva una caduta di 70 RPM, con una caduta massima consentita di 125 RPM e una differenza massima di 50 RPM. La differenza è fuori dai limiti, quindi il volo dovrebbe essere ritardato e consultare la manutenzione.

Esempio 2:<\/b> In crociera, il motore diventa leggermente irregolare. Il pilota seleziona momentaneamente SINISTRA, poi DESTRA, e nota che l'irregolarità è peggiore a SINISTRA. Ciò suggerisce un problema al magnete sinistro o alle sue candele, e il pilota può scegliere di continuare sul lato più regolare pianificando un atterraggio rapido, in conformità con le procedure e i regolamenti dell'aeromobile.

5.2 Punti chiave per piloti studenti

Per l'addestramento di base, i piloti studenti dovrebbero essere in grado di:

Definire cos'è un magnete e spiegare perché i motori degli aeromobili utilizzano magneti doppi.
Identificare e utilizzare correttamente le posizioni dell'interruttore di accensione: OFF, R, L, BOTH, START.
Eseguire un controllo corretto del magnete durante la fase di riscaldamento e interpretare le normali e anomale cadute di giri.
Descrivere le azioni di base in caso di indicazioni anomale del magnete.
Spiegare perché l'elica deve sempre essere trattata come se i magneti fossero attivi.

Queste competenze supportano un funzionamento sicuro del motore, una migliore comprensione dei sistemi dell'aeromobile e un processo decisionale più efficace sia in situazioni normali che anormali.

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