Hand Signals and Marshalling

Marshalling refers to the use of standardized hand signals by trained ground personnel (marshallers) to visually guide aircraft on the ground. It is especially important when radio contact is unavailable or impractical, such as during parking, towing, or engine shutdown. Hand signals serve as a non-verbal communication method between ground crew and flight crews, ensuring safe and precise aircraft movement on aprons and ramps.

• Guide aircraft safely to parking positions or stands
• Assist pilots during engine start-up and shutdown
• Coordinate towing operations or pushbacks
• Serve as a backup or alternative to radio communication
• Provide visual instructions in noisy or congested ramp areas

• Marshalling staff (e.g., ground handlers, ramp agents)
• Follow-Me vehicle operators
• Pushback teams
• Pilots (in small aircraft, responding with head nods or gestures)

For a complete visual reference, pilots should consult ICAO Doc 9871 or local AIP ground handling guidelines.

During pushback, a headset operator may communicate via intercom or headset, while marshallers stand by for visual assistance.
In case of headset failure:

• The wingwalker or marshaller will switch to hand signals
• Communication should be confirmed visually before movement begins

Often performed by flight school staff, aero club members, or fuel attendants.
May include informal signals or pointing gestures.
Pilots should always clarify intentions with ATC or ground if uncertain.

• ✅ Acknowledge hand signals with visual cues (e.g., flashing taxi light, head nod)
• ✅ Stop immediately if the signal is unclear
• ✅ Do not proceed unless ground is clear and guidance is visible
• ❌ Never taxi blindly into a stand without clearance or visibility

• “Request marshaller on stand 5”
• “Visual contact with marshaller, proceeding to stop”
• “Ready for hand signal guidance”