Maintain power output: A mixture that is too rich or too lean reduces available horsepower and can cause rough running.
Control engine temperatures: Mixture has a strong effect on cylinder head temperature (CHT) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT). Proper adjustment helps prevent overheating or excessively cool operation.
Protect the engine: Extremely lean mixtures at high power can cause detonation and pre-ignition, damaging pistons, valves, and cylinder heads. Very rich mixtures can lead to spark plug fouling and carbon deposits.
Improve fuel efficiency: Leaning the mixture in cruise can significantly reduce fuel flow, extending range and endurance.
Adapt to altitude and temperature: As altitude increases or temperature changes, air density changes; mixture control compensates for this so that combustion remains within the desired range.
Engine start and warm-up At sea level or low altitude, mixture is usually set to full rich for starting and initial warm-up. At high-elevation airports, a partially leaned mixture may be required for starting, as recommended by the POH.
Taxi Mixture is often leaned aggressively during taxi to prevent spark plug fouling, especially in training operations with long ground times. The pilot must remember to return the mixture to the appropriate setting (often full rich) before takeoff.
Takeoff and climb At low-elevation airports, mixture is normally set to full rich for takeoff to provide cooling and maximum power. At high-density-altitude conditions, the POH may call for leaning the mixture for maximum RPM or EGT before takeoff to obtain rated power.
Cruise In cruise, mixture is adjusted (leaned) to balance power, fuel efficiency, and engine temperatures. This is where concepts such as rich of peak and lean of peak EGT are applied.
Descent During descent, power is usually reduced and mixture is gradually enriched as altitude decreases to maintain an appropriate fuel-to-air ratio and prevent excessively lean operation.
Approach and landing For approach and landing at low-elevation airports, mixture is often set to full rich below a certain altitude (for example, 3,000 ft above field elevation), as specified by the POH. At high-elevation airports, mixture is typically set as for cruise or as recommended by the POH.
Engine RPM (for fixed-pitch propellers): Maximum RPM usually corresponds to the mixture that produces maximum power at a given throttle setting and altitude.
Manifold pressure (for constant-speed propellers): Used in combination with fuel flow and EGT/CHT to set power and mixture.
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT): Shows how hot the exhaust gases are; used to identify the peak EGT point when leaning.
Cylinder head temperature (CHT): Indicates overall engine thermal stress; helps ensure that mixture settings do not cause overheating.
Engine smoothness: Rough running or vibration may indicate a mixture that is too lean or uneven fuel distribution.
Level off at cruise altitude and allow the engine to stabilize at the chosen power setting.
Set cruise power using throttle (and propeller control if installed) as specified in the POH.
Slowly pull the mixture control back (lean) while watching EGT and listening to the engine.
Continue leaning until EGT peaks and then begins to decrease, or until the engine just starts to run slightly rough.
Enrich the mixture slightly until the engine runs smoothly and the EGT is at the desired value relative to peak (for example, 50 °F rich of peak EGT if specified by the POH).
Note fuel flow (if available) and engine temperatures, and adjust as needed to remain within limits.
Rich of peak (ROP): The mixture is set richer than the peak EGT point (more fuel). EGT is lower than peak, but CHT may still be relatively high depending on how far rich of peak the engine is operated.
Lean of peak (LOP): The mixture is set leaner than the peak EGT point (less fuel). EGT is again lower than peak, and CHT generally decreases as the mixture is leaned further, provided power is reduced appropriately.
リッチ・オブ・ピーク(ROP)運用
多くの訓練用航空機および多くのエンジンにおいて、製造元は高出力設定での巡航時にrich of peak EGTでの運転を推奨しています。一般的な目標値は約50°Fから100°Fのrich of peak EGTですが、正確な値はPOHまたはエンジン製造元のデータから得る必要があります。
ROP運用の典型的な特徴は以下の通りです:
Higher power for a given manifold pressure and RPM compared to leaner mixtures.
Higher fuel flow and therefore higher fuel consumption.
Moderate to high CHT, depending on how far rich of peak the mixture is set.
Good detonation margin at very rich settings (for example, full rich at high power for cooling and detonation protection).
Lean of peak運転とは、混合比を調整してEGTがピークEGT点のリーン側に位置するように設定することを意味し、通常はエンジン設計および製造元の指示に応じて、ピークより10°Fから50°F以上リーンに設定します。LOP運転は、一般的に燃料流量が低く、適切に出力を下げた状態でシリンダーヘッド温度(CHT)が低くなることと関連しています。
LOP運用の主な特徴は以下の通りです:
Lower fuel flow and improved specific fuel consumption (more miles per gallon of fuel).
Lower CHT compared to ROP at the same power, which can be beneficial for engine longevity.
Reduced power output for a given throttle and RPM setting compared to ROP.
Possible roughness if fuel distribution between cylinders is uneven, because some cylinders may be much leaner than others.
Detonation: Uncontrolled, explosive combustion in the cylinder that can damage pistons, rings, and cylinder heads.
Pre-ignition: Fuel-air mixture igniting before the spark plug fires, often due to hot spots in the combustion chamber, which can rapidly overheat and damage components.
混合比制御は、パイロットが高度、温度、出力設定の変化に応じて燃料と空気の比率を調整することを可能にします。適切な混合比の使用は性能を向上させ、燃料消費を減らし、エンジンの損傷を防ぎます。リッチ・オブ・ピーク(rich of peak)およびリーン・オブ・ピーク(lean of peak)EGTの概念は、混合比が排気ガス温度のピーク点に対してどのように設定されているかを示し、特に巡航時に重要です。学生パイロットは、訓練機のPOHに記載された特定の混合比手順を学び適用し、リーン・オブ・ピーク操作のような高度な技術を使用する前にインストラクターに相談すべきです。