Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH): Used on precision or approach-with-vertical-guidance procedures (for example, an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach). At DA/DH, the pilot must decide to continue the approach and land if the required visual references are in sight, or immediately initiate a missed approach if they are not.
Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA): Used on non-precision approaches without continuous vertical guidance (for example, a VOR or NDB approach). The pilot descends to the MDA and must not go below it unless the required visual references are obtained and a safe landing can be made.
Circling minima: Higher minima applied when the pilot must circle to land on a different runway than the one aligned with the instrument approach. These provide extra clearance for maneuvering around the airport at low altitude.
Takeoff minima: The minimum visibility or RVR required to legally begin a takeoff. These are designed to ensure that if a problem occurs during the takeoff roll, the pilot can either stop safely or, after liftoff, maintain control and return for landing.
En-route minima: Such as Minimum En-route Altitude (MEA), Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA), and Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA). These ensure safe clearance from terrain and obstacles along the route when flying IFR.
Identify the procedure: Confirm the correct approach (for example, ILS RWY 27) and navigation frequencies.
Determine aircraft category: Use approach speed to find the correct category (A, B, C, etc.) on the chart.
Select the correct line of minima: Choose the line that matches the approach type (precision, non-precision, circling) and any applicable notes (such as equipment or lighting requirements).
Note DA/DH or MDA: Record the altitude or height, both in feet and in the local QNH or QFE context, as shown on the chart.
Note required visibility/RVR: Record the minimum visibility or RVR value.
Set the minima: If the aircraft has a barometric or radio altimeter minimums selector, set the DA/DH or MDA accordingly. Otherwise, mentally or verbally confirm the value.
Review missed approach: Brief the published missed approach procedure to be followed if minimums are reached without required visual references.
If required visual references are in sight (for example, the runway, approach lights, or threshold, as defined by local regulations) and a safe landing can be made, the pilot may continue the descent below DA/DH or MDA and land.
If required visual references are not in sight at DA/DH, the pilot must immediately initiate the missed approach procedure. For MDA, the pilot must not descend below MDA and must go around at or before the missed approach point if visual references are not obtained.
Training and experience: Student pilots or newly qualified instrument pilots may use higher minima to provide extra safety margin.
Equipment limitations: If certain aircraft systems (such as approach lighting, autopilot, or specific navigation receivers) are not available, regulations or chart notes may require an increase in minima.
Runway conditions: Contaminated or short runways may lead to higher operational minima, even if the published chart minima are lower.