Magnetos

Updated at: 2025-12-01 10:41

engine

Magnetos are self-contained engine ignition generators used on piston aircraft engines to produce the high-voltage spark for the spark plugs, independent of the aircraft’s electrical system. Understanding how magnetos work, how to operate them, and how to recognize malfunctions is essential for safe engine handling and emergency preparedness.

Magnetos 1. Definition 2. Purpose 3. Use in aviation 3.1 Ignition switch positions 3.2 Magneto operation basics 3.3 Starting the engine 4. Operational considerations 4.1 Magneto check during engine run-up 4.2 Abnormal magneto indications 4.3 Clearing fouled spark plugs 4.4 Magnetos and engine shutdown 4.5 Hot magnetos and propeller safety 5. Examples and training relevance 5.1 Example scenarios 5.2 Key points for student pilots

1. Definition

In aviation, a magneto is a small, engine-driven electrical generator that produces high-voltage current to fire the spark plugs in a piston engine. It is mechanically driven by the engine’s crankshaft or accessory gear train and does not rely on the aircraft’s battery or alternator for power once the engine is running.

A typical light-aircraft engine has two magnetos, each supplying a separate set of spark plugs. This is known as a dual ignition system and provides both redundancy (backup) and more efficient combustion.

2. Purpose

The primary purpose of magnetos in an aircraft engine is to provide a reliable and independent ignition source for the fuel–air mixture in the cylinders. Because magnetos generate their own electricity as they rotate, they allow the engine to keep running even if the aircraft’s main electrical system fails.

A dual magneto system serves two key purposes:

Redundancy: If one magneto fails, the other can still supply sparks to keep the engine running, usually at reduced power.
Improved performance: Two sparks per cylinder (from two spark plugs) result in more complete and efficient combustion, smoother operation, and slightly better power and fuel efficiency.

For student pilots, understanding this purpose helps explain why ignition checks are emphasized during preflight, run-up, and in-flight troubleshooting.

3. Use in aviation

On most training aircraft, such as Cessna 152/172 or Piper PA-28, the ignition system is controlled by a key-operated ignition switch or a rotary selector with positions typically labeled: OFF, R, L, BOTH, START. These positions select which magneto(s) are active and, in the START position, also engage the starter motor.

Each magneto is wired to one spark plug in each cylinder (for example, the left magneto may power the top plugs and the right magneto the bottom plugs, or vice versa). When the selector is on BOTH, both magnetos fire their respective plugs, giving dual ignition in every cylinder.

3.1 Ignition switch positions

Typical functions of ignition switch positions are:

OFF: Both magnetos are grounded (disabled). No spark is produced, and the engine should not run.
R (Right): Only the right magneto is active; the left magneto is grounded.
L (Left): Only the left magneto is active; the right magneto is grounded.
BOTH: Both magnetos are active, providing normal dual ignition.
START: The starter motor is engaged to crank the engine; usually both magnetos are active, sometimes with an additional starting aid such as an impulse coupling or shower-of-sparks system.

During normal flight, the ignition switch is kept on BOTH. Other positions are mainly used for starting, run-up checks, and troubleshooting.

3.2 Magneto operation basics

A magneto uses a rotating magnet and coil windings to generate electrical energy. As the magnet spins, it induces a current in the primary winding. When this current is interrupted by breaker points (or an electronic equivalent), a rapid change in magnetic field induces a high voltage in the secondary winding. This high voltage is then directed through a distributor to the correct spark plug at the correct time.

The ignition 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3.3 Starting the engine

When starting a piston aircraft engine, the starter motor turns the crankshaft, which in turn rotates the magnetos. At low cranking speeds, many magnetos use an impulse coupling or a similar device to produce a strong, retarded (later) spark suitable for starting. This helps prevent kickback and improves the chance of ignition in a cold engine.

From a pilot’s perspective, the main tasks are to set the ignition switch to START while monitoring engine indications, then release it back to BOTH once the engine fires. The internal starting aids in the magneto operate automatically and are not controlled directly by the pilot.

4. Operational considerations

Magnetos are simple and robust, but they require correct pilot handling and regular checks to ensure safe operation. Student pilots must be able to perform magneto checks, recognize abnormal indications, and understand basic emergency actions related to ignition issues.

4.1 Magneto check during engine run-up

A magneto check is normally carried out during the run-up before take-off. The purpose is to verify that each magneto can independently operate the engine and that the ignition system is functioning correctly.

A typical run-up magneto check procedure is:

Set the aircraft on a safe run-up area with brakes firmly applied and the area ahead clear.
Set engine to the specified run-up RPM (for example, 1,700 RPM—always follow the Aircraft Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook).
Note the RPM on BOTH magnetos (normal baseline).
Turn the ignition switch to R (right magneto only) and observe the RPM drop.
Compare the RPM drop to the limits in the checklist (for example, maximum drop and maximum difference between left and right).
Return the switch to BOTH and verify RPM returns to near the original value.
Turn the ignition switch to L (left magneto only) and observe the RPM drop.
Check that the drop and difference are within limits.
Return the switch to BOTH and confirm smooth running.

A small, roughly equal RPM drop on each magneto is normal. A large drop, rough running, or no drop at all may indicate problems such as fouled spark plugs, faulty leads, or an inoperative magneto.

4.2 Abnormal magneto indications

Common abnormal indications during a magneto check include:

Excessive RPM drop: May indicate weak spark, fouled plugs, or incorrect timing on that magneto.
Rough running on one magneto: Often due to fouled plugs or a problem in one magneto’s ignition leads.
No RPM drop when switching to one side: Could indicate that the supposedly grounded magneto is still live, or that the switch or wiring is faulty.
Engine stops when selecting one side: Suggests that the selected magneto is not providing spark at all.

If any readings are outside the limits in the checklist, the pilot should normally abort the flight and consult maintenance, unless specific corrective actions (such as clearing fouled plugs) are described in the aircraft procedures and successfully restore normal operation.

4.3 Clearing fouled spark plugs

Spark plugs can become fouled by lead deposits, oil, or carbon, especially after prolonged ground running at low power with a rich mixture. This can cause rough running or an excessive magneto drop.

A common procedure to attempt clearing mild fouling (only if allowed by the aircraft’s checklist) is:

Ensure the aircraft is secure with brakes applied and the area ahead clear.
Set mixture to lean (as specified in the checklist for clearing fouling).
Increase RPM to a higher value (for example, 2,000 RPM) for a short period.
Monitor engine instruments and note if the roughness decreases.
Return to normal run-up RPM and mixture setting.
Repeat the magneto check to verify that drops are now within limits.

If roughness or abnormal drops persist, the aircraft should not be flown until inspected by maintenance.

4.4 Magnetos and engine shutdown

During normal shutdown, the engine is usually stopped by cutting off the fuel (for example, mixture to idle cut-off) rather than turning the magnetos off first. The ignition switch is then moved to OFF after the engine stops. This sequence helps prevent after-firing and confirms that the magnetos are correctly grounded.

Some operators also perform a brief magneto grounding check before shutdown by momentarily turning the ignition switch to OFF at idle and then back to BOTH. A slight stumble or stop in engine running shows that the magnetos are correctly grounded. This procedure must be done carefully and only as described in the aircraft’s operating procedures.

4.5 Hot magnetos and propeller safety

If the ignition switch or its wiring is faulty, a magneto can remain live even when the switch is in the OFF position. This is sometimes called a hot magneto. In this condition, turning the propeller by hand could cause the engine to fire unexpectedly, creating a serious hazard.

For this reason, pilots and ground personnel must always treat the propeller as if the magnetos are live. The propeller should never be moved by hand unless properly trained and only following approved procedures, with the ignition switch confirmed OFF and keys removed.

5. Examples and training relevance

Magneto-related knowledge appears frequently in student pilot training, checkrides, and written examinations. Understanding the concept helps explain various checklist items and emergency procedures.

5.1 Example scenarios

Example 1:<\/b> During run-up, a student selects LEFT and observes a 150 RPM drop, then selects RIGHT and observes a 70 RPM drop, with the maximum allowed drop being 125 RPM and maximum difference 50 RPM. The difference is out of limits, so the flight should be delayed and maintenance consulted.

Example 2:<\/b> In cruise, the engine becomes slightly rough. The pilot momentarily selects LEFT, then RIGHT, and notes that the roughness is worse on LEFT. This suggests a problem on the left magneto or its plugs, and the pilot may choose to continue on the smoother side while planning a prompt landing, in accordance with the aircrafts procedures and regulations.

5.2 Key points for student pilots

For basic training, student pilots should be able to:

Define what a magneto is and explain why aircraft engines use dual magnetos.
Identify and correctly use the ignition switch positions: OFF, R, L, BOTH, START.
Perform a proper magneto check during run-up and interpret normal vs abnormal RPM drops.
Describe basic actions if abnormal magneto indications occur.
Explain why the propeller must always be treated as if the magnetos are live.

These skills support safe engine operation, better understanding of aircraft systems, and more effective decision-making in both normal and abnormal situations.

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