Turbulence

Turbulence is irregular, disturbed airflow that makes an aircraft bump, roll, pitch, or change altitude unexpectedly. It can occur in convective weather, near mountains and rotors, in wind shear, near fronts, and sometimes in clear air. Pilots avoid areas where possible, slow to the recommended turbulence penetration speed if needed, and keep accurate control without overcontrolling. Seat belts should be secured, and significant turbulence should be reported to ATC or other aircraft when appropriate.